- Later, he defeated his brothers Kamran and Askari. In 1555, Humayun defeated the Afghans and recovered the Mughal throne. After six months, he died in 1556 due to his fall from the staircase of his library. Humayun was kind and generous, though leter,he defeated his brothers kamra and askari,in.
1555humayun defeated the afghan and recovered the mughal throne,after six month,he died in 1556 due to his fall frome the staircase of his library,humayun was kind and generous,though he was not a good general and warrior
. • Humayun succeeded his father to the throne of Delhi as ruler of the Mughal lands in the Indian subcontinent in December 1530. When Humayun came to power at the age of 22, he was an inexperienced emperor.- Humayun's return from Persia was accompanied by a huge retinue of Persian noblemen, heralding a significant shift in Mughal court culture.Humāyūn, also called Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad, (born March 6, 1508, Kabul [Afghanistan]—died January 1556, Delhi [India]), second Mughal ruler of India, who was more an adventurer than a consolidator of his empire
- Humāyūn, also called Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad, (born March 6, 1508, Kabul [Afghanistan]—died January 1556, Delhi [India]), second Mughal ruler of India, who was more an adventurer than a consolidator of his empireHumayun was the eldest son of Babur.
- Humayun means “fortune” but he remained the most unfortunate ruler of the Mughal Empire.
- Six months after his succession, Humayun besieged the fortress of Kalinjar in Bundelkhand, gained a decisive victory over Afghans at Douhrua and drove out Sultan Mahmood Lodhi from Jaunpur, and even defeated Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. His victories, however, were short-lived due to the weakness of his character.
- Humayun had three brothers, Kamran, Askari and Hindal
- Humayun divided the empire among his brothers but this proved to be a great blunder on his part.
- Kamran was given Kabul and Kandahar.
- Sambhal and Alwar were given to Askari and Hindal respectively.
- Humayun captured Gujarat from Bahadur Shah and appointed Askari as its governor
- But soon Bahadur Shah recovered Gujarat from Askari who fled from there.
- In the east, Sher Khan became powerful. Humayun marched against him and in the Battle of Chausa, held in 1539, Sher Khan destroyed the Mughal army and Humayun escaped from there.
- Humayun reached Agra to negotiate with his brothers.
- In 1540, in the Battle of Bilgram or Ganges also known as Battle of Kanauj, Humayun was forced to fight with Sher Khan alone and after losing his kingdom, Humayun became an exile for the next fifteen years.
- In 1952, during his wanderings in deserts of Sindh, Humayun married Hamida Banu Begum, daughter of Sheikh Ali Amber Jaini, who had been a preceptor of Humayun’s brother Hindal.
- On November 23, 1542, Humayun’s wife gave birth to Akbar
- Amarkot’s Hindu chief RanaPrasad promised Humayun to help him to conquer Thatta
- However, Humayun could not conquer Bhakker or secure Thus, he left India and lived under the generosity of ShahTahmashp of Persia.
- Shah of Persia agreed to help Humayun and lend him a force of 14,000 men on a condition to confirm to Shia creed, to have the Shah’s name proclaimed in his Khutba and to give away Kandhar to him on his success.
- In 1545, with Persian help, Humayun captured Kandhar and Kabul but refused to cede Kandhar to Persia.
- Humayun sought help from the Safavid ruler.
- Later, he defeated his brothers Kamran and Askari.
- In 1555, Humayun defeated the Afghans and recovered the Mughal throne.
- After six months, he died in 1556 due to his fall from the staircase of his library.
- Humayun was kind and generous, though he was not a good General and warrior.
- He also loved painting and wrote poetry in the Persian language.Q1
- How did Humayun lose the Mughal territories in India?
- Humayun was an inexperienced ruler when he came to the throne in 1530. A combination of feuds with his step-brothers and inaction on his own part made it easy for Sher Shah Suri to concentrate his attacks on Mughal territories from his base in Bengal. Following the battle of Kanauj in 1540, Humayun had to flee to Lahore while Sher Shah
- What were the cultural changes that came about when Humayun returned to India?
- Humayun’s return from Persia was accompanied by a large retinue of Persian noblemen and signalled an important change in Mughal court culture. The Central Asian origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by the influences of Persian art, architecture, language, and literature. There are many stone carvings and thousands of Persian manuscripts in India dating from the time of Humayun
- Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad (Persian: نصیرالدین محمد) (Persian pronunciation: [na'siːrʊdiːn mʊha'mad]; 6 March 1508 – 27 January 1556), better known by his regnal name, Humāyūn; (Persian: همایون Persian pronunciation: [hʊma'juːn]), was the second emperor of the Mughal Empire, who ruled over territory in what is now Eastern Afghanistan, Pakistan, Northern India, and Bangladesh from 1530 to 1540 and again from 1555 to 1556. At the time of his death in 1556, the Mughal Empire spanned almost one million square kilometres.
- In December 1530, Humayun succeeded his father Babur to the throne of Delhi as ruler of the Mughal territories in the Indian subcontinent. Humayun was an inexperienced ruler when he came to power, at the age of 22. His half-brother Kamran Mirza inherited Kabul and Kandahar, the northernmost parts of their father's empire. The two half-brothers would become bitter rivals. Like his father, he lost his empire early but regained and expanded it with the aid of the Safavid dynasty of Persia.
- Humayun lost Mughal territories to Sher Shah Suri, but regained them 15 years later with Safavid aid. His return from Persia was accompanied by a large retinue of Persian noblemen and signaled an important change in Mughal court culture. The Central Asian origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by the influences of Persian art, architecture, language, and literature. There are many stone carvings and thousands of Persian manuscripts in India dating from the time of Humayun. Subsequently, Humayun further expanded the Empire in a very short time, leaving a substantial legacy for his son, Akbar.
- The decision of divide the BAHADUR Territories of his empire between two of his sons was unusual in India, although it had been a common Central Asian practice since the time of GENGES KHAN Unlike most monarchies, which practiced primogeniture, the Timurids followed the example of Genghis and did not leave an entire kingdom to the eldest son. Although under that system only a Chingissid could claim sovereignty and Khanal authority, any male Chinggisid within a given sub-branch had an equal right to the throne (though the Timurids were not Chinggisid in their paternal ancestry). While Genghis Khan's Empire had been peacefully divided between his sons upon his death, almost every Chinggisid succession since had resulted in fratricide.
- After Timur's death, his territories got divided among Pir Muhammad, Miran Shah, Khalil Sultan and Shah Rukh, which resulted in inter-family warfare. Upon Babur's death, Humayun's territories were the least secure. He had ruled only four years, and not all umarah (nobles) viewed Humayun as the rightful ruler. Indeed, earlier, when Babur had become ill, some of the nobles had tried to install his Brother-in-law, Mahdi Khwaja, as ruler. Although this attempt failed, it was a sign of problems to come
- In Agra
Humayun, detail of miniature of the Baburnama - When Humayun returned to Agra, he found that all three of his brothers were present. Humayun once again not only pardoned his brothers for plotting against him, but even forgave Hindal for his outright betrayal. With his armies travelling at a leisurely pace, Sher Shah was gradually drawing closer and closer to Agra. This was a serious threat to the entire family, but Humayun and Kamran squabbled over how to proceed. Kamran withdrew after Humayun refused to make a quick attack on the approaching enemy, instead opting to build a larger army under his own name.
- When Kamran returned to Lahore, Humayun, with his other brothers Askari and Hindal, marched to meet Sher Shah 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of Agra at the battle of Kannauj on 17 May 1540. Humayun was soundly defeated. He retreated to Agra, pursued by Sher Shah, and thence through Delhi to Lahore. Sher Shah's founding of the short-lived Sur Empire, with its capital at Delhi, resulted in Humayun's exile for 15 years in the court of Shah Tahmasp I.
- In Lahore
- The four brothers were united in Lahore, but every day they were informed that Sher Shah was getting closer and closer. When he reached Sirhind, Humayun sent an ambassador carrying the message "I have left you the whole of Hindustan [i.e. the lands to the East of Punjab, comprising most of the Ganges Valley]. Leave Lahore alone, and let Sirhind be a boundary between you and me." Sher Shah, however, replied "I have left you Kabul. You should go there." Kabul was the capital of the empire of Humayun's brother Kamran, who was far from willing to hand over any of his territories to his brother. Instead, Kamran approached Sher Shah and proposed that he actually revolt against his brother and side with Sher Shah in return for most of the Punjab. Sher Shah dismissed his help, believing it not to be required, though word soon spread to Lahore about the treacherous proposal, and Humayun was urged to make an example of Kamran and kill him. Humayun refused, citing the last words of his father, Babur, "Do nothing against your brothers, even though they may deserve 27 January 1556
- Humāyūn, also called Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad, (born March 6, 1508, Kabul [Afghanistan]—died January 1556, Delhi [India]), second Mughal ruler of India, who was more an adventurer than a consolidator of his empir
- Bega Begum
- Bega Begum (c. 1511 – 17 January 1582) was Empress consort of the Mughal Empire from 26 December 1530 to 17 May 1540 and 22 February 1555 to 27 January 1556 as the first wife and chief consort of the second Mughal emperor Humayun.he was known as Zan-i-Kalan being the first wife of Humayun and was also known as Haji Begum after she performed the Hajj pilgrimage.
- Bega Begum began the tradition of commissioning monuments in the Mughal Empire when she had her husband's mausoleum commissioned in the late 16th century, Humayun's Tomb at Delhi. This first colossal monumental mausoleum in Islamic India can be considered an early masterpiece that decisively influence the design of the later Taj Mahal, the high point of Mugha
- Early years and marriage
- Bega Begum was a Persian from Khurasan and was the daughter of Humayun's maternal uncle (taghai), Yadgar Beg,[2] who was the brother of Sultan Ali Mirza, father of Kamran Mirza's wife Gulrukh Begum. She was a wise, well educated woman and had profound knowledge of medicine and treatment also.
- Bega married her first cousin,Prince Nasir ud-din (later known as 'Humayun' upon his accession) in 1527. The marriage took place while Humayun was in Badakshan during his second term as Viceroy of the province (1527-1529). In November 1528, she gave birth to Humayun's first child and son, Shahzada Al-aman Mirza. The imperial couple were tremendously congratulated by the Emperor Babur on the birth of an heir, although the connotation of his name, 'Al-aman', he thought ominous. The prince died in his infancy.
- Empress
- pon Emperor Babur's death in December 1530, Humayun ascended the throne at twenty three-years of age, while Bega was just nineteen when she became empress. She subsequently came to India for the first time, while accompanying her husband. Bega was held in high regard by Humayun throughout his life and remained his favourite as well as his chief consort until his death.
- In 1531, Bega announced her second pregnancy to the imperial family after arriving in Agra from Kabul. Here, she gave birth to her last known child, a daughter, Aqiqa Sultan Begum. In 1539, Bega accompanied her husband to Chausa, Bengal, where she was taken as a prisoner by Sher Shah Suri, after a well developed surprise attack on the Mughal territory by Sher Shah's forces. According to Niccolao Manucci, she was the only Mughal empress to have ever been held captive.
- On the morning of 26 June 1539, Humayun learned about her captivity, he immediately sprang on a horse and collected a small guard consisting of four nobles, Tardi Beg, Baba Beg, Koch Beg, and MrBachka Bahadur. Endeavouring to save the empress, they attempted to fight their way through the Afghan crowd and in doing so all except Tardi Beg were cut down. He alone returned to Humayun. The Tazkirat-ul-umard mentions the death of one Mir Pehlwan Badakshi. Initially, two faithful officers - Baba Julair and Que Beg - while zealously attempting to execute the emperor's orders, courted "martyrdom at the door of Her Majesty's enclosure" and were slain at the entrance of the private tents.
- While in captivity, the empress was treated by Sher Shah with the utmost courtesy and respect and he had her returned to Humayun escorted by his most trusted general, Khwas Khan.Unfortunately, the ordeal at Chausa led to death of her eight-year-old daughter, Aqiqa Sultan Begum, on 27 June. Humayun became extremely devastated and regretted ever bringing his daughter to Chausa in the first place. He blamed himself, confessing to his younger brother Hindal Mirza, 'In the earlier disturbance, Aqiqa Bibi [his daughter] had disappeared and I suffered from everlasting regret why I had not killed her ayself' [lest she fall into the enemy's hands], a sentiment that his brother entirely endorsed.
- Bega was also with Humayun throughout his long exile in Pesia at the court of the Safavid dynasty. She also took an active interest in the affairs of the state. Bega Begum's brother-in-law, Zahid Beg, was favoured when he was appointed Governor of Bengal which the latter declined. Humayun wanted to punish him but she interceded, though in vain, to seek the Emperor's pardon for him.
- Dowager empress
- When Humayun died in 1556, Bega Begum grieved so deeply over her husband's death that she dedicated her life thenceforth to a sole purpose: the construction of the most magnificent mausoleum in the empire, at a site near the Yamuna River in Delhi for the memorial of the late emperor. Bega Begum undertook a pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina for Hajj in 1564, but before starting on her absence from the Court for three years, she made arrangements for the construction of the mausoleum at her own cost. She returned from Hajj in 1567, then led a retired life at Delhi and supervised the project.
- The empress' choice of architect for the construction of the mausoleum was the Persian architect, Mirak Mirza Ghiyas.Bega Begum was interested in patronizing education and so she established a madrasa near the mausoleum. She was also responsible for the construction of the Arab Sarai near the tomb.
- Death
Humayun's Tomb, commissioned by Bega Begum, where she was later buried. - Bega Begum died in 1582 in Delhi, after a brief illness, and was mourned by her step-son, the Emperor Akbar; whom she shared an extremely close relationship with. Akbar was, in fact, so attached to her that many people, as Akbar himself confirmed, mistook her to be his real mother and confused her with his biological mother, Hamida Banu Begum. `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni (Badauni) called Bega Begum 'second mother to the Emperor [Akbar]'. Akbar escorted her body to Humayun's Tomb for her burial.
No comments:
Post a Comment